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Binary operators

The || operator performs concatenation.

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Binary functions

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concat

concat(binary1, ..., binaryN) -> varbinary

Returns the concatenation of binary1, binary2, ..., binaryN. This function provides the same functionality as the SQL-standard concatenation operator (||).

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length

length(binary) -> bigint

Returns the length of binary in bytes.

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lpad

lpad(binary, size, padbinary) -> varbinary

Left pads binary to size bytes with padbinary. If size is less than the length of binary, the result is truncated to size characters. size must not be negative and padbinary must be non-empty.

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rpad

rpad(binary, size, padbinary) -> varbinary

Right pads binary to size bytes with padbinary. If size is less than the length of binary, the result is truncated to size characters. size must not be negative and padbinary must be non-empty.

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substr

substr(binary, start) -> varbinary

Returns the rest of binary from the starting position start, measured in bytes. Positions start with 1. A negative starting position is interpreted as being relative to the end of the string.

substr(binary, start, length) -> varbinary

Returns a substring from binary of length length from the starting position start, measured in bytes. Positions start with 1. A negative starting position is interpreted as being relative to the end of the string.

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reverse

reverse(binary) -> varbinary

Returns binary with the bytes in reverse order.

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Base64 encoding functions

The Base64 functions implement the encoding specified in RFC 4648.

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from_base64

from_base64(string) -> varbinary

Decodes binary data from the base64 encoded string.

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to_base64

to_base64(binary) -> varchar

Encodes binary into a base64 string representation.

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from_base64url

from_base64url(string) -> varbinary

Decodes binary data from the base64 encoded string using the URL safe alphabet.

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to_base64url

to_base64url(binary) -> varchar

Encodes binary into a base64 string representation using the URL safe alphabet.

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from_base32

from_base32(string) -> varbinary

Decodes binary data from the base32 encoded string.

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to_base32

to_base32(binary) -> varchar

Encodes binary into a base32 string representation.

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Hex encoding functions

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from_hex

from_hex(string) -> varbinary

Decodes binary data from the hex encoded string.

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to_hex

to_hex(binary) -> varchar

Encodes binary into a hex string representation.

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Integer encoding functions

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from_big_endian_32

from_big_endian_32(binary) -> integer

Decodes the 32-bit two’s complement big-endian binary. The input must be exactly 4 bytes.

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to_big_endian_32

to_big_endian_32(integer) -> varbinary

Encodes integer into a 32-bit two’s complement big-endian format.

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from_big_endian_64

from_big_endian_64(binary) -> bigint

Decodes the 64-bit two’s complement big-endian binary. The input must be exactly 8 bytes.

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to_big_endian_64

to_big_endian_64(bigint) -> varbinary

Encodes bigint into a 64-bit two’s complement big-endian format.

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Floating-point encoding functions

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from_ieee754_32

from_ieee754_32(binary) -> real

Decodes the 32-bit big-endian binary in IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format. The input must be exactly 4 bytes.

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to_ieee754_32

to_ieee754_32(real) -> varbinary

Encodes real into a 32-bit big-endian binary according to IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format.

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from_ieee754_64

from_ieee754_64(binary) -> double

Decodes the 64-bit big-endian binary in IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point format. The input must be exactly 8 bytes.

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to_ieee754_64

to_ieee754_64(double) -> varbinary

Encodes double into a 64-bit big-endian binary according to IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point format.

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Hashing functions

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crc32

crc32(binary) -> bigint

Computes the CRC-32 of binary. For general purpose hashing, use xxhash64, as it is much faster and produces a better quality hash.

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md5

md5(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the MD5 hash of binary.

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sha1

sha1(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the SHA1 hash of binary.

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sha256

sha256(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the SHA256 hash of binary.

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sha512

sha512(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the SHA512 hash of binary.

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spooky_hash_v2_32

spooky_hash_v2_32(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the 32-bit SpookyHashV2 hash of binary.

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spooky_hash_v2_64

spooky_hash_v2_64(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the 64-bit SpookyHashV2 hash of binary.

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xxhash64

xxhash64(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the xxHash64 hash of binary.

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murmur3

murmur3(binary) -> varbinary

Computes the 128-bit MurmurHash3 hash of binary.

> SELECT murmur3(from_base64('aaaaaa'));
> -- ba 58 55 63 55 69 b4 2f 49 20 37 2c a0 e3 96 ef

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HMAC functions

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hmac_md5

hmac_md5(binary, key) -> varbinary

Computes HMAC with MD5 of binary with the given key.

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hmac_sha1

hmac_sha1(binary, key) -> varbinary

Computes HMAC with SHA1 of binary with the given key.

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hmac_sha256

hmac_sha256(binary, key) -> varbinary

Computes HMAC with SHA256 of binary with the given key.

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hmac_sha512

hmac_sha512(binary, key) -> varbinary

Computes HMAC with SHA512 of binary with the given key.